References
Austria - sterreichisches Statistisches Handbuch 1913-1916 17. K. k. Statistische Central-Commission. Vienna, 1914-18. Austria - Census, 1910 'Berufsstatistik nach den Ergebnissen der Volksz hlung vom 31. Dezember 1910'. K. k. Statistische Central-Commission. sterreichische Statistik, N.F., III. 1. Heft 1916 . Austria - Statistisches Handbuch f r die Republik sterreich 1920. Statistische Zentralkommission. Vienna, 1920. Austria-Hungary - Statistik des auswartigen Handels des...
Russian GDP in World War I
Against this background I attempt to examine the behaviour of Russia's GDP in 1913-18. The only estimate of national income in wartime was compiled in 1918 by the eminent Russian economist S.N. Prokopovich see table 8.1 . The underlying observations are neither secure nor very extensive. Prokopovich computed his index for industry by tracing output per person in the Donbass coal industry and derived his index of 'agricultural productivity' from estimates of the sown area in forty-five provinces...
Financing the war 1
Table 10.3 shows the sources of finance for the war broken into four components taxation, borrowing from the public, direct money creation, and indirect money creation. Taxation and borrowing are familiar terms. I shall discuss some of the details concerning them below. Direct money creation, as Friedman and Schwartz define it, is the number of deposits and amount of currency created by the Federal Reserve System. This money was used either by the public as currency or by the banks as reserves,...
The production of munitions
How well did the American economy perform the ultimate job of supplying the American armed forces and those of America's Allies with the weapons of war There has been a tendency in the literature to stress the negative side of the picture. Our Allies produced most of the artillery used by American forces in France. Less than a quarter of the aircraft used by American pilots at the front were ofAmerican manufacture. It was hard to find an airplane in which to use the much ballyhooed Liberty...
The costs of war to the Habsburg Empire
Quantifying the costs of World War I is a difficult task on both conceptual and empirical grounds. In the case of Austria-Hungary, one type of'cost' stands out apart from the horrendous loss of human life the empire's dissolution and territorial division among successor states. Evidently, this was not only of political but also of economic significance, for it effectively meant the undoing of much of the cross-regional market integration that had underpinned growth and development over the...
References Apt
Ark, B. van and de Jong, H. J. 1996 , 'Accounting for Economic Growth in the Netherlands since 1913', Economic and Social History in the Netherlands 7 199-242. Bie, R.J. van der 1995 , Een doorlopende groote roes. De economische ontwikkeling van Nederland, 1913-1921, Amsterdam Thesis Publishers. Bordewyk, H. W. C. 1928 , 'War Finances in the Netherlands, 1908-1922 The Costs of the War', in The Netherlands and the World War, Studies in the War History of a Neutral, vol. IV, New Haven, CT Yale...